History of the Camera

Early cameras of the 16th and 17th century were able to project images onto paper or glass but the study of capturing, processing and printing the images took many more years. Up until the 17th century, scientists believed that light was composed basically of the ' white ' that is perceived by the human eye. It took the research done by famous physicist Isaac Newton to discover that light is actually composed of a spectrum of colors. While he made a big contribution to the study of optics (that is at the core of the room advances) with this discovery, Newton did not actually have anything to do with the room developMent per se.

History of the Camera

History of the Camera

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History of the Camera

History of the Camera

The early room that first became a phenoMenon was a little more than a pinhole camera and can be traced back to1558. It was called the Camera Obscura. The Camera Obscura was seen as a drawing tool for a clearer and realistic portrayal of objects. It was in the early 19th century that an invention named the Camera Lucida was introduced by Cambridge scientist William Hyde Wollaston that consisted of an optical device that could help an artist view to distant scenes or person or object on a paper surface that he or she was using to draw. In other words the artist gets to view a superimposed image of a subject on paper and this image could be effectively used to attempt to trace or draw, paint it. Both the Camera Obscura and the Camera Lucida provided an image that was temporary, which could not be lastingly captured on to paper for later reference.

Studieshowever continued well into the 1800 's on how to actually capture the image onto material. It was during this time, around 1822 that French researcher Nicéphore Niépce, created the first photograph by using paper that was coated with a chemical. The image would not stay permanently on the paper and would disappear after a short while. Even so, despite the short short-lived nature of the image, the concept of photography was born with this experiMent and paved the way for further study and development in this field.

Capturing images to retain them longer and permanently became the next big quest for researchers. Another Frenchman Louis-Jacques-Mandé Daguerre partnered with Joseph Nicéphore Niépce in 1829, to develop the process of creating permanent photographs. Joseph Niépcedied in 1833, but Daguerre continued with the work and succeeded in 1837 after many long years of experimentation. The process of capturing photographic images that would not fade away, introduced by Daguerre came to be known as the ' role '.

The word ' photography ' was coined by scientist Sir John F.W. Herschel in 1839 and it is actually is derived from two Greek words ' photos ' meaning light and ' graphein ' meaning draw.

A slightly more advanced version of the role called the Calotype process that makes multiple copies possible using the negative and positive method became available very soon after. In fact, it was during the 1840 's that the use of photographic images in advertisements first started and cameras made their mark on the power of visualcommunication. It was not much later, in the 1850 's that photographers first started experimenting with underwater photography of seascapes.

Up until 1850, the process of capturing images was cumbersome requiring upto half an hour of light exposure. The discovery made in 1851 by Frederick Scott Archer was a blessing since the new method termed the Collodion process called for just 2-3 seconds of light exposure to capture an image.

Prior to 1871, photographers went through a development process where they had to coat the plate with wet chemical each and every time and process the image immediately. With the gelatine dry plate invention the silver bromide process by Richard Leach Maddox, negatives did not have to be developed immediately. This was an important discovery since upuntil then the captured image had to be processed instantly.

Kodak created in 1888 by George Eastman has been a modern day pioneer of sorts in cameras and photography for the masses. George Eastman and the scientists who worked with him at Kodak developed the photographic film in 1889 and made it available in rolls for the mass use of consumers. An important milestone in our entertainment and communication history was the development of transparent roll films by Eastman. This development led to another key invention-the motion picture camera by Thomas Edison's in 1891.

--> Modern Times

During the 20th century the pace of technology development in cameras and photography continued at an accelerated pace much like many other key technologydevelopments. While several key inventions like cars, telephone and gramophone record happened in the later half of the 19th century, it is the last 100 years that saw major developmental work in many areas of communications technology and as well as in other fields-TV, Aircrafts, PCs, digital technology, digital cameras, mobile phones, fax machines and the internet, to name a few.

In the case of the room, the developments simplified the whole process of photography, making it accessible to one and all at affordable prices and the Chamber industry denizens of our times made it into a mass phenomenon. The first mass use room became available at the turn of the 20th century and can be traced back to the year 1900. There arehundreds of models of cameras available today both for the amateur as well as the professional and the room is an important part of any family's repertoire of must-have gadgets.

--> 20th century chronology in the history of the room:

1913: 35 mm stillcamera -created

1927: The flash bulb introduced by General Electric Co. (The concept of camera flash existed much before but was based on the use of a flash light powder that was invented by German researchers)

1935-1941: Kodak Kodachrome film and starts marketing launches Kodacolor negative film subsequently. Canon Camera.

1948: The concept of the Polaroid camera is introduced in themarket. American scientist Edwin Land developed the process for instant photography. Later Polaroid Corporation developed the ' instant color film around 1963.

1957: Frenchman Jacques Yves Cousteau invented the first waterproof 35 mm camera for underwater photography named the Calypso Phot. The actual room was developed by the Belgian Airplane technical designer Jean de Wouters based on the blueprint and suggestions given to him by Cousteau.

1972: The electronic camera that does not require film was created and patented by Texas Instruments. This is however not the same as a digital camera though you don't require film into digital cameras as well. The launch of the digital camera is still many years away.

1975: Kodak'sexperiments with digital imaging kicked off around the mid seventies but it will take another 20 years before a digital camera for the home consumer market is launched.

1978-1980: Asian players like Konica and Sony begin to make their mark. The ' point and shoot ' automatic focus camera is launched by Konica while Sony starts talking about the Camcorder and demonstrates a prototype.

1981: Sony launches a commercially available electronic still camera. Similar to the 1972 invention by Texas Instruments, the Sony electronic room came with a mini disc on which images were recorded and stored. The recorded images could be later printed or viewed on a Computer monitor using a reader device.

1985: Digital processing technology makes its entry. Digitalimaging and processing is introduced by Pixar.

1986: The camera industry becomes even more consumer focused and taps the connotations behind fun and travel room usage, with the launch of the concept of the disposable single use cameras. Fuji is credited with the development of this concept.

Also in 1986-1987, Kodak started taking giant strides in digital development. Digital means, the photographic image is divided into tiny units of dots or squares known as pixels. Pixels are the programmable units of an image that can be processed by Computers. Each image could be made up of millions of pixels. The use of pixels in digital technology allows storing large volumes of pixels to deliver high definition print quality.

1990: Kodakintroduces Photo CD 's. It is a system of storing photographic images on CD and then viewing them on a computer. With this development the user-friendly approach of the camera industry began to take concrete shape.

1991: Kodak introduces a digital camera targeted at professionals and journalists. Kodak is credited with the invention of a pixel based camera technology known to us as the digital camera. Digital cameras don't use film similar to their predecessor electronic cameras but the storage method is enTirely different and the final photograph is of much higher resolution. In a digital camera photos are recorded and stored in digital form. This digital data can be transferred to a computer and processed for printing. Kodakand Canon Camera manufacturers and there are also several other key brands as well.

1994: The Apple QuickTake camera, home use digital camera is launched. This is followed by the launch of a clutch of home use digital cameras by Casio, Kodak and others in quick succession during 1995-96 '.

--> The digital era:

The development of digital camera technology is considered to be linked to the development of TV and Video technology. The principles of transmission and recording of audio-visual images using digital electrical impulses finds use in camera imaging as well.

Through the 1990 's the developments continued in camera technology, the focus now shifting to the field of digital imagingwhich is where the future lies. Use-friendly features like software that can download digital images directly from camera onto home computers for storing and sharing on the internet is the new norm in the market place.

The room, the computer, the software industry and the worldwide web are interlinked to irrevocably today empower the user experiencing the benefits of room usage to full potential. The innovation that sparked many an invention in the Chamber industry found its way into the digital world as well and continued among digital camera manufacturers. During 2001, the Kodak and Microsoft partnership ensured that digital camera manufacturers could use the power of the Picture Transfer Protocol (PTP) standard through Windows.The digital photo experience is a key visual driver in the Internet era. Many of Kodak digital camera models with EasyShare capabilities are compatible with Windows XP. The Kodak EasyShare software enables users to transfer digital camera pictures directly from camera to their computers and then print the pictures or even email them.

In a related industry Manufacturers like the printing industry have adapted their products to be in sync with the images created by digital cameras. Cell phone manufacturers have tied up with digital camera manufacturers to develop new age camera phones in recent years. These camera phones can capture images and share the images through the cell phone.

Among the 21st century digitaldevelopments are the advanced product offerings from digital cameras manufacturers and these are sure to occupy an important place in the ensuing history of camera development. For instance, the Kodak Professional DCS Pro Slr/c is a high-end digital camera and the Kodak website calls the DCS Pro Slr models the most feature-rich digital cameras on the market. It has an image sensor that can handle 13.89 million pixels and this makes it the highest resolution digital camera available. High resolution determines the level of detail or sharpness in photographic images. This is just a glimpse of the capabilities that digital technology places in a user's hands. Digital camera sales figures for 2003 show that the two key players Kodak and Canon Camera users?

The features offered by digital cameras can be quite mind boggling-for the average user and pretty exciting for most pros. Four key ongoing room developments that are likely to further improve the process of photography:

1. Greater resolution from even the simplest, low cost camera models

2. Usage in any type of lighting conditions,

3. Compatibility across a range of software, hardware and image types

4. Rich colors and tone

While the higher-end digital evolution continues, the prices of the simple rooms have crashed to such an extent that even children and teens are proud owners of uncomplicated cameras. The> camera and photography interest starts young and this creates a truly large audience base for the camera industry.

And throughout history, it is evident that the endeavor of researchers and developers has been to make the room available to a wide section of society. Without camera technology and photography, the other key developments of cinema and TV would have been delayed and what a boring place the world would have been without TV and films!

History of the Camera

10 Spy Tricks: An Office Espionage Series

I spend a great deal of my time dealing with highly sensitive, highly confidential information. Over the years I have noticed that many of the institutions I have worked with have gone to great pains and considerable expense to make certain their Computer systems have state of the art firewalls and "hacker-proof" encoding systems. Nonetheless, they continue to leak data like a sieve!

10 Spy Tricks: An Office Espionage Series

10 Spy Tricks: An Office Espionage Series

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10 Spy Tricks: An Office Espionage Series

10 Spy Tricks: An Office Espionage Series

How can this be? Simple, they are guarding the Air conditioner duct instead of the front door.

So, what do I know about it? My knowledge of the field is pretty backdoor in nature.

First of all, I work a lot with people who love nothing more than to stir up hate and discontent wherever they go. They will intentionally uncover and publish sensitive information. It is fun for them. Inorder to find out why they do these things I do a lot of debriefing with them when an incident occurs.

Second, I have two brothers who made carriers out of law enforceMent. One of my brothers served many years as a state trooper and another as a sheriff's deputy. They were both extremely successful facet of the investigation in the Job and I am about to tell you why. Then you can see if you are vulnerable to the same kind of attack.

The sources of data loss, in no particular order, are as follows.

1. Waste Archeology.
Simply speaking, someone who really wants to know your secrets will go through your trash. And guess what? It is completely legal. Buy a $ 20.00 shredder, and use it.

2. Taps.
Seriously, if you have a wireless system it is pretty simple toeaves drop via laptop from the coffee shop next door.

3. Pop-ins.
Be extremely wary of maintenance crews and repAir staff you haven't called in. Check ID 's. Also, be aware of someone who comes in asking a lot of questions. You may be surprised what the staff will tell someone who smiles and asks nicely.

4. Hacking.
Do you know the easiest way to hack in to a secure system? Steal the passwords taped to the Computer screen at Ed's work station. Trust me, I see it every day. You know what else? Most people use the same password for every system they need to access.

5. Cordless Ph Meter." Although, this is not as sexy as the "mission impossible" methods,it is very popular and very effective.

Here are your most frequent weak spots.

1. The company lunch room. Many people actually carry confidential files with them to review over lunch.
2. The neighborhood coffee klatch. This is true for the same reason as above.
3. The guy who is always at the newsstand when you pick up your paper. You know the one you discuss current events with office because he doesn't know the people anyway.
4. The chatty new friend your spouse just made. Think about this when discussing business with your spouse.
5. Any off-site meeting places. Luncheon rooms, county offices, etc.

Part VIII

Next to going through the trash, the most vulnerable area for exploitation is the human brain.
The major offenders:
1. Unsecuredoffices, cabinets, drawers and doors.
2. Files left on the desk over night.
3. Group passwords.
4. Company phone directories.
5. Desktop rolodexes.

Part IX

Another source of compromised confidential information office is the traitor. Most people have a price. The price may have been paid the last time they were insulted, degraded or unappreciated at the office. One the other hand, there may be an actual monetary price for which a trusted associate can be turned.

Here are some of the characteristics you may need to be on the look out for.

1. Those passed over for raises, passed over for promotion.
2. Those experiencing significant financial difficulty.
3. Those who gamble.
4. Those that employ recreational pharmaceuticals (includingalcohol).
5. Those involved in labor and manageMent disputes.
6. Those that seem to always be on the lookout for the next big deal.

Part X.

Basically, if you take a look at the qualifications for a field agent for the CIA, you can build a profile of what fAir an office spy may "look like."

1. Bachelors Degree, rarely more.
2. Solid academic record, not outstanding.
3. Interest in inter-business and international affairs.
4. Solid interpersonal skills.
5. Solid communication skills.
6. Frequent traveler.
7. Interest in foreign languages.
8. Prior residence outside the area.
9. Possible prior military experience.
10. Experience in business and/or economics (but with deficient skills in their own finance manageMent).
11. Theperson is usually between the ages of 21-35.
12. Previous work in law enforcement or corrections.
13. May be considered a loner, not a joiner.
14. No police record.
15. Hobbies include martial arts, scuba, hunting, proficiency with firearms, chess, math, avid reader, may write prolifically or play a musical instrument, etc.
16. The person may be interested in training manuals and field guides.

In other words, just about anybody who would make a good employee. The key is to look for unusual groupings of these skills. Most people will meet 3 or 4 of the criteria. Those who meet 6 or more should be considered possible candidates.

This section completes a ten part series concerning confidentiality and security.

10 Spy Tricks: An Office Espionage Series

How to Throw a Heartfelt Milestone Birthday

A one-year old's birthday Party is really a Party for the adults, especially if this is the Party-Throwers first child. Traditionally it's all about Watching the little one eat cake for the first time and excitedly rip off the wrapping paper from the presents. But for this Party, I'm going to try and give the adults a few more things to do that are fun and festive, but most importantly, are all still about the birthday boy or girl.

How to Throw a Heartfelt Milestone Birthday

How to Throw a Heartfelt Milestone Birthday

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How to Throw a Heartfelt Milestone Birthday

How to Throw a Heartfelt Milestone Birthday

The nice thing about this Milestone Birthday Party Plan, is that many of these eleMents can actually be adopted for just about ANY birthday...boy or girl...big or small.

EleMent #1 - Theme, Mood & Color: Carry Them Out In Everything You Do

To determine the theme for this party we're going to use a three-step process:

First, go to your favorite party Supply store either on-line or in person and find a 1st Year Birthday dinner plate that you like. This is what I call your "inspiration piece."

Second, create an "Imagination Board" out of a large sheet of butcher paper or a sheet of binder paper. However, if you are personally planning multiple parties over the years, I suggest you purchase a 2 x 3 foot white board which you can pick one up at your local office Supply store.

Third, to begin brainstorming I put my inspiration piece on my Imagination Board. I then write down everything that comes to mind related to what I see and think about when I look at my inspiration piece. For example, when I looked at the plate I choose, I thought about: my little cupcake, how fun it is to be one, and how she gets to make a wish and blow out her first candle.

Keep your Imagination Board (or paper) handy because you may refer to it for inspiration throughout the party planning process. I usually add to my board as I shop around and see things that are available with my theme and as ideas come to me. These ideas are the foundation for the wording on the invitations, the cake, the thank you notes, and so on.

EleMent #2 - Invitations: Make Them Inviting

There is nothing wrong with checking out the invitations that match the paper goods you've decided to use for a themed party. In fact, they could make a good base for your invitation that you can add on to, or at the very least provide you with clever wording.

The invitation that matches my "cupcake" inspiration plate is darling. It has a unique shape, it is fun, it looks like a party; and the printed words tie in beautifully to my theme. The only thing I would do however, when using a store bought invitation is to make is to "my own" by adding my own message, an embellishMent or additional card stock.

Taking an idea from my Imagination Board, I'm going to write, "Come help us blow out her candle" on a little TAG and attach it by ribbon to a small, real candle. Then I'm going to adhere that to the top of the cupcake invitation, using super sticky tape, and voila -- a store bought invite given a little extra somethin' somethin'.

Here's an additional example using another cupcake invitation for a baby boy's first birthday. I'm going to modify a store-bought party pick (basically an over-sized plastic toothpick with a round circle on one end) by adding a photo of the birthday boy inside the circle. Using a round circle punch makes quick work of this step. Then I stick the photo pick into the cupcake invite and there you go - a cute, personalized and unique invitation with some added pizazz.

Element #3 - Decor & Ambiance: Remember Set and Setting Are Everything

I want to keep the decorations fun and yet elegant for this First Year Milestone Birthday party. To do this I'm going to focus on two main elements...1st Year Birthday paper goods, like our inspiration piece, and balloons -- because nothing says a party like balloons.

You may consider paper plates and napkins, just paper plates and napkins. But in many ways these party goods can be considered a part of your décor, especially when they're cute, bright, and cheerful, and they add so much color to your party space.

I don't like to go too matchy-matchy because I think it looks tacky. So, I mix things up a bit by combining solid plates and cups with my patterned ones. I have even been known to throw in a different pattern from time to time that coordinates nicely.

I think balloons say birthday! One of my favorite fun but elegant decorating secrets is balloon bouquets on sticks. To start, just choose balloon colors from your inspiration plate and purchase balloon sticks (with cups) in a gross or bulk from a party Supply store. Simply blow up your balloon (no helium needed), tie it off, and slip it into the cup. Then attach the cup to your desired colored stick. I recommend using an odd number of balloons, either three or five, for each bouquet depending on your vessel or vase, and how big a balloon you use. You can also cut your sticks to different lengths for added interest, and attach ribbons and decorative strands for a festive, yet classy touch.

A few party hats lying around are a nice touch too even though I wouldn't expect anyone to really wear them...although I wouldn't discourage it if the mood strikes.

Element #4 - Food & Beverage: Never Stress About Food and Drinks

The cake is what it's all about on the first birthday. But since the one year old probably won't remember the cake, be sure it is one that the guests will by making it a photo cake! This is a lot easier than you may think.

Many bakeries have the technology to make this possible. So choose your favorite photo of the guest of honor and bring it to life in frosting.

Or, if cupcakes are more your style, you can still apply the photo idea by creating photo flags. For this project you'll simply need some cardstock, pinking scissors, a hole-punch, and some lollipop sticks. And of course you'll need your favorite photo of the birthday baby and some double stick adhesive.

If you used a photo pick on your invitations, you could use the same picture (and/or pick) on your cupcakes. Whichever way you go, adding a photo element to your food and beverage menu is a great touch.

Element #5 - Activities: Engage Your Guests In Something

I think it's great to have things for your guests to get involved in besides opening gifts and Watching the little one eat---or play with---cake. Both are great fun, but here are a few other things to consider doing at your First Year Milestone Birthday Party.

Create a "Year in the Life of" collage panel. This is a great idea if you have windowpanes in your home, but if not try a long frame or collage panel. Most multiple opening frames will work great as long as you include photos from birth through 12 months. Or you could create a video showing some of baby's best moments of the last 12 months that your guests may have missed.

Consider having your "baby book" done for some added fun things to look through. Or put together a scrapbook of the months leading up to baby's birth. You can also use a Computer software program to make a beautiful photo book.

Lastly, create a "Game of Firsts." Write the following questions inside disposable diapers with a colored Sharpie pen:
-- When did I first smile?
-- When did I get my first tooth?
-- When did I first sit up?
-- When did I first crawl?
-- When did I first sleep through the night?
-- When did I say my first word? Bonus points - What was my first word?

Have guests pull a diaper from a diaper bag (or other creative container) and guess the date that each of these events (or others that you came up with) happened.

Give out fun prizes to the ones who guess closest. You know what kinds of gifts your guests would like better than I do given the mix of people you're inviting, but some nice nonspecific ideas include chocolates, gift cards or home entertaining items like coasters or serving pieces...things people might actually use.

Element #6 - Special Touches: Set Your Party Apart; Give Them Something From Your Heart

I adore creating a special keepsake for the guest of honor at any party; in this case, a Signature Cake Plate provides the perfect backdrop for your party guests to make a wish for baby's 1st Year Milestone Birthday.

Signature Plates usually come as kits with special pens. You just have the guests sign the plate with their special sentiment, and then bake the plate in your oven, which makes the ink permanent. EasyPeazy!

If you don't like the plate idea you can create a book for birthday wishes. You can buy one---or create your own Wish Book out of two sheets of 12x12-inch heavy card stock that you can trim down, several blank 8 ½ x11-inch sheets, a hole punch and some coordinating ribbon.

To make the most out of the plate or the book, I would encourage guests to write down a thoughtful wish for baby's life...wishes like, "May you always have a smile on your face and music in your heart." Or "May you always know love." Or "We wish you a lifetime of laughter and happiness."

Since you never really know if the one-ear old guest of honor is going to be awake and happy to take photos during the party with all those people around---here's an option that happens after the party, and more important, at your leisure.

Simply have your camera on hand and take a photo of the birthday boy or girl playing with each one of their new gifts one at a time. What guest wouldn't love to see a personalized thank you note with an adorable photo of baby enjoying the gift they brought? So unleash your inner shutterbug and make your guests feel special with these personalized thank you notes.

Don't forget that you can reuse many of these ideas for other Milestone Birthdays, maybe not the Game of Firsts on diapers, but certainly many of the photo ideas for the invitations, milestone collage, thank you notes and photo cake and cupcakes...and let's not forget the balloon bouquets!

When it comes to parties...Think Easy! Think Fun!

How to Throw a Heartfelt Milestone Birthday

10 Amazing Wedding Planning Tips

Let's talk about how we can save money and still plan an amazing wedding. You must decide on a date, place, how much to spend and many other stressful choices. In this article you will get 10 Amazing Wedding Planning Tips.

1. Manufacture and design your own wedding Dress could save you thousands of Dollars.

2. Designing your own wedding favors by using colorful votive candles with votive holders.

3. Go to bulk stores like Costco or Sam's to get many different types of finger Foods or to set up buffet style eating.

4. Using a friends or family member's vinTAGe car for the ride to and from the wedding.

5. Use an old barn or large field next to the river or close to the beach for the wedding reception.

6. Find a local band to play music at your wedding reception.

7. Place disposable indoor /outdoor camera at each table and have people take pictures though the night.

8. Find a wedding photographer that does both photo and video all in one package.

9. Find all your wedding decorations at discount stores like Dollar generals or bulk warehouse.

10. Print and design your own wedding invitations on your Computer.

You can save thousands of dollars with just using the simple ideas that I have listed above. Make your wedding planning fun and you will enjoy it more with less stress. So there you have 10 Amazing Wedding Planning Tips to get you started if you would like to learn more tips that could help you save ,000 on your wedding visit the site below.

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